Information products and services Information products are documents, information files, databases and information services that are the result. The concept of an information resource, product, service, market for information services Not information about

15.04.2021

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"Information products" in books

PRIMARY PRODUCTS

by Mitchell Paul

PRIMARY PRODUCTS

by Mitchell Paul

PRIMARY PRODUCTION Animals obtain energy by eating other organisms, while green plants and some microorganisms obtain energy directly from the sun. They convert and store this energy in carbohydrates using carbon dioxide from the air.

Products

author Kiyosaki Robert Tohru

Products The least important of all business components is products. This should not be taken to mean that what you produce is unimportant or that the quality of products and services can be neglected. Products are important from the customers' point of view. And for the most

3.2.4. Alcohol products

From the book Pledger. All about bank collaterals from the first person author Volkhin Nikolay

3.2.4. Alcoholic beverages The drink from heather was forgotten a long time ago. And he was sweeter than honey, drunker than wine... Robert Louis Stevenson. Heather honey The definition of alcoholic beverages and their types is given in the Federal Law “On state regulation of production and turnover

FINISHED PRODUCTS

From the book Accounting from scratch author Kryukov Andrey Vitalievich

FINISHED PRODUCTS Finished products are part of the inventories (MPI) manufactured at the enterprise and intended for sale. In addition to finished products, inventories include materials, as well as goods and equipment. Accounting

Products

From the book Midas Gift author Kiyosaki Robert Tohru

Products Most new entrepreneurs say, “I have great ideas for products.” But if you look at triangle B-I, you will see that the products occupy only the smallest part of it. Of course the product is important, but compared to others

Information products that provide financial security

From the book How to Make Millions from Ideas by Kennedy Dan

Information products that provide financial security In my opinion, newsletters are now becoming an increasingly attractive type of information product. The emergence of editor programs for personal computers

Mass production

From the book Everyday Life of the United States in the Era of Prosperity and Prohibition by Kaspi Andre

Mass Production Frederick W. Taylor might have triumphed. His ideas for working methods, expressed at the end of the 19th century, had already been used earlier, but in the twenties real “Taylorization” began to spread, becoming a compulsory subject of study in business schools

Products of Bukharia

From the book Notes on the Bukhara Khanate author Demaison P I

Products of Bukharia Bukharia, which owes its fertility in large measure to the untiring care of the inhabitants and to the engineering methods used by them for irrigating the lands, can count silk and cotton among its most important products. Silkworm. Silkworms

Ostrich products

From the book Breeding and Raising Ostriches author Melnikov Ilya

Ostrich products The characteristics of ostrich products are impressive and go far beyond the limits of values usual for poultry farmers. Thus, the live weight of an adult African ostrich reaches 220–240 kg. From one adult female at slaughter you can get 85–95 kg of clean

From the book Information War and Geopolitics author Panarin Igor Nikolaevich

CHAPTER 13 INFORMATION GEOPOLITICS MEDIA AND INFORMATION GEOPOLITICS Media are institutions created to collect, process, analyze information and communicate it using special technical means to various social groups.American

Interpretation of the term "information products". The relationship between the concepts “information product” - “information product” - “information service”

The user of information can be any person or group who needs information selected from an array of documentary sources and developed in accordance with information needs. In other words, the user needs documentary information, that is, recorded on a tangible medium, documentographic information, the object of which is a document (documents); factual information characterizing a certain fact, event or combination thereof; conceptual information characterizing certain ideas, thoughts, concepts, views, perceptions; bibliographic information containing information about a document (its part or document flow, array, resource, fund). Such information is created to inform the user about the existence of a document, its internal (substantive) and external (formal) features and properties, for orientation in the document flow, array, resource, fund. This information can be submitted in any form (oral, handwritten, printed, electronic, etc.) such as catalogs and card files, bibliographic aids, reviews and digests, as well as parts of other documents, etc. Therefore, we are talking about information that is the result of scientific processing of primary documents and has the features of information and analytical research.

Terminologically, the concepts of information products, information products and information services are not clearly defined and are often used as synonyms. Particular attention in the specialized literature is paid to the consideration of the phenomenon of information services and such aspects of this concept as: definition, classification, relationship between the terms library and information services. The results of scientific discussions on this issue and a detailed terminological analysis are given in the monograph by M.Ya. Dvorkina, in the dissertation studies of S.A. Averyanov and I.S. Pilko.

In reference books, encyclopedias and other sources, “service” is defined as an action that benefits another, or as work performed to satisfy someone’s needs, that is, a certain expedient activity, existing in the form of a useful effect of labor - a commodity, a product. Thus, it is emphasized that the basis of the service should be the satisfaction of needs through the beneficial effect of labor, and, as is known, the beneficial effect of labor is a condition for any production activity.

F. Kotler defines services as an activity that one party can offer to the other; an intangible action that does not result in the possession of anything. its provision may be associated with a tangible product.

The most common definitions of terms in this subject area are given in table. 4.1.

Table 4.1. TERMINOLOGY OF THE SUBJECT DOMAIN "INFORMATION PRODUCTS"

Term	Definition	Source
		GOST 7.9-95. Abstract and annotation. General requirements
Information products	documents, information arrays, databases and information services resulting from the functioning of information systems	GOST 7.0-99. Information and library activities, bibliography. Terms and Definitions
Information products	materialized result information activities, designed to meet the information needs of citizens, government agencies, enterprises, institutions and organizations	Law of Ukraine "On Information"
Information product (products)	documented information prepared and intended to meet user needs	Draft Law of Ukraine "On the concept of national information policy"
Information products for scientific document processing	documented information as a result and means of analytical and synthetic activity
Information Products	represent processed creative and information resources - on the basis of the latter, information is created that can be considered as an object of purchase and sale, although it is not a material object. Unlike information resources, individual entrepreneurs always act in a systematized form - as catalogues, publications, databases, advertising, presentation, educational and methodological materials and other	Information business

The terminology system proposed by the Russian researcher V.V. seems to be the most advanced for the sphere of information services. Brezhnev. In particular, the analysis of definitions presented in professional literature, incl. regulatory nature, and the use of experience accumulated in the marketing of services, allowed the author to come to the conclusion that it is advisable to use the term “information products” as a generic term, assuming that it can be presented in both material and non-material form . In the case when the results of information and library activities acquire a material, material form, the term is used "information product" Digests, analytical reviews, bibliographic indexes, abstract journals, etc. can act as information products. In addition to information products, information products also include information services that do not have a material form (material carrier). Examples: oral information, bibliographer consultations, book lending, Internet searches, etc.

An analysis of the literature and the experience of service providers made it possible to propose such characteristics of the service as flexibility, dynamism, and the ability to customize it to the individual needs of the user. The product is a complete form, which is the sum of the characteristics that determine both its functional purpose and appearance. Changing the characteristics is possible only in the process of preparing the next modified model, which at the time of release into production also enters into static form. A service, unlike a product, can be tailored to individual needs.

Although the literature draws a fairly clear line between products and services, at the same time, the leading trend in services is the increasing merging of products and services.

In fact, almost always the purchase of a product is accompanied by accompanying services. The essence of what is acquired may be tangible or intangible. For example, such an information product as a selection of topical links to Internet resources is impossible if the user’s computer is not connected to the Internet. In this case, the product can be considered as the material shell of the service.

At the same time, the result of providing an information service is the provision of an information product to the user. Thus, when ordering marketing research, the user must receive a report on the marketing research. When performing a press clip, the user is presented with a press digest. The result of a search in the electronic catalog is a printout of data corresponding to the user’s request or copying it to a machine-readable medium.

Information products can be presented in material, material form, and then the term information product or information product. Digests, analytical reviews, bibliographic indexes, etc. can act as information products.

Another difficulty that complicates the analysis is the semantic proximity of the concepts “service” and “service”. Service is a process, and its result can be a service or a product. A service is the result of an activity, not the activity itself. Activity is the provision of services, maintenance, self-service. Regardless of whether the results of the information worker’s activities are embodied in material form or not, it becomes a service activity when it is requested by the user and its results are used by him (useful for him). Thus, it seems appropriate to use such a system of terms:

Information products - the final result of information and library activities aimed at meeting the information needs of users and presented in the form of information products and information services

Information product - the final result of information and library activities, fixed on a tangible medium, which makes it possible to reuse it to meet the information needs of users

Information service - a useful end result of information and library activities, presented in intangible form, aimed at meeting the information needs of users, quite often also by providing information products

The main characteristics of information products and services are the following:

o usefulness;

o replication;

o aging (de-actualization) - information products lose their original consumer value over time. This is an objective process of social information losing its value properties with the emergence of more complete and reliable information;

o targeting (in particular, products must take into account the characteristics of certain user groups and their individual properties);

o knowledge intensity. Creating an information product requires significant expenditure of intellectual labor on searching, processing and analyzing information. This is due to two factors: firstly, information production requires increasingly advanced Technical equipment and software and linguistic support ( parallel processes, intelligent interfaces, automated means of acquiring knowledge, methods of operating high-level programming languages, databases with greater navigation capabilities, etc.). So, to create the means of production of information products you need high level knowledge. New means of information production are the result not of technological improvement, but of the application of the latest scientific achievements. Secondly, the funds can only be used with significant intellectual effort. Through this, the process of information production to a large extent includes the acquisition of new knowledge about it and does not exempt those who develop and those who use intelligent systems from intellectual work;

o indestructibility - an information product retains the information it contains, no matter how many times it is used. Moreover, this information can be replicated many times by different users who have access to it

The activities of individuals, groups, teams and organizations are now increasingly beginning to depend on their awareness and ability to effectively use available information. Before taking any action, it is necessary to carry out a lot of work to collect and process information, comprehend it and analyze it. Finding rational solutions in any area requires processing large amounts of information, which is sometimes impossible without the use of special technical means.

Therefore, the information market is becoming increasingly important: the telecommunications market, the computer market and the information networks, information technology market, market software products and knowledge, the market for information services in the financial sector, the “black” market for illegal information services.

Information today is considered as one of the most important resources for the development of society. The existence of a number of properties of information, similar to the properties of traditional resources, gave rise to the use of many economic characteristics (price, value, costs, profit, etc.) in the analysis of information production.

In the global information technology market, a stable circle of actors has emerged - producers, consumers, experts and institutional bodies - and a significant volume of business has emerged. Clearly defined sectors or segments have formed in the market structure in accordance with ideas about the market mechanism, and a stable and diverse range of products and services has emerged.

New information technologies involve providing the user with not only an information product, but also means of access to it (search tools, processing, presentation, etc.). These tools allow the user not only to visualize the content of computer files in which the information product is embodied, but also to obtain information in a volume and format that are relevant specifically to his needs.

Ideally, access tools should enable information to be found and presented to suit the user's needs, no matter where it is located. This opportunity is traditionally associated with the concept of “information service”.

Information service is a service focused on meeting the information needs of users by providing information products.

In other words, an information service is the receipt and provision of information products to the user. In a narrow sense, an information service is often perceived as a service obtained with the help of computers, although in fact the concept is much broader.

When providing a service, an agreement (contract) is concluded between two parties – the provider and the user of the service. The contract specifies the period of its use and the corresponding remuneration. The list of services is determined by the volume, quality, subject orientation in the field of use of information resources and information products created on their basis.

Information services arise only if there are databases in a computer or non-computer version.

Database– a set of related data, rules, organizations of which are based on general principles of description, storage and manipulation of data.

Databases are a source and a kind of semi-finished product in the preparation of information services by the relevant services. Databases, although they were not called that, existed even before the computer age in libraries, archives, foundations, reference bureaus and other similar organizations. They contain all kinds of information about events, phenomena, objects, processes, publications, etc. With the advent of computers, the volume of stored databases increases significantly and, accordingly, the range of information services expands.

Let's consider the classification of databases from the standpoint of their use for systematizing information services and products. Databases are usually divided into bibliographic and non-bibliographic.

Bibliographic databases contain secondary information about documents, including abstracts and annotations.

Non-bibliographic databases have many types:

· reference books containing information about various objects and phenomena, for example addresses, phone numbers of stores, companies, etc.;

· full text containing primary information, such as articles, magazines, brochures, etc.;

· numerical, containing quantitative characteristics and parameters of objects and phenomena, for example chemical and physical data, statistical and demographic data, etc.;

· text-numeric, containing descriptions of objects and their characteristics, for example, for industrial products, companies, countries, etc.;

· financial, containing financial information provided by banks, exchanges, firms, etc.;

· legal, containing legal documents.

Based on the possible types of information products and databases, the classification of information resources can be presented as follows (Fig. 1.1).

Rice. 1.1 Main types of information services.

Publishing information publications means preparing printed materials:

· Bibliographic and other indexes;

· Abstract collections;

· Review publications;

· Reference publications.

Information publications are prepared by almost all types of information services, bodies and systems. These publications contain secondary information that is created on the basis of working with databases, the provision of work with which is also a service.

Retrospective information retrieval– this is a targeted search for information in a database at the request of the user and sending the results either by mail in the form of printouts or by e-mail as a file.

Providing primary sources is a traditional service of library services. This service provides not only for the issuance of primary sources, but also their copies obtained using devices of various operating principles.

Traditional scientific and technical information services are provided by advance order and include: preparation of reviews in the form of manuscripts; preparation of translations of texts.

Remote access to remote databases is organized on a computer network in interactive mode.
The popularity of remote database access services is growing rapidly and is ahead of all types of other services due to:

· an increasing number of users who have mastered information technology working in a communication environment computer networks;

· high efficiency of service provision;

· the possibility of abandoning your own information systems.

Traditionally, the main users of remote database access services are organizations. However, in recent years there has been a tendency towards a significant increase in the number of individual users.

These services are mainly provided by special organizations. Remote access to databases can be provided by subscription based on a subscription fee or under contracts.

The payment scheme may vary, but basically it is an hourly payment, depending on the amount of information received.

Services for remote access to databases can be classified as follows:

· direct access to databases can be organized from the user’s local location;

· indirect access includes organizing user training, publishing a news bulletin, organizing help desk, organizing meetings with the user to clarify issues of interest to him, sending questionnaires to users;

· the Downloading service allows you to download search results in a central database to your Personal Computer for further use as personal database data;

· regular search involves regularly conducting searches in arrays of one or more central databases and providing search results to the user’s terminal at a time convenient for him.

Preparation and provision of information services includes the following components:

· communications (telephone, telecommunications) for the provision of information services carried out in the form of data transmission;

· data processing in computer centers;

· software;

· development of information systems;

· development of information technologies.

From all of the above we can conclude that information services are a special type of product for information market.

In turn, the market for information products and services (information market) is a system of economic, legal and organizational relations for trading products of intellectual labor on a commercial basis.

The information market is characterized by a certain range of products and services, conditions and mechanisms for their provision, and prices.

Unlike trade in ordinary goods that have a material form, here information systems, information technologies, licenses, patents, trademarks, know-how, engineering and technical services, various types of information and other types of information resources.

The main source of information for information services in modern society are databases. They integrate suppliers and consumers of information services, connections and relationships between them, the procedure and conditions for the sale and purchase of information services.

Suppliers of information products are:

· centers where databases are created and stored, and information is constantly accumulated and edited in them;

· centers that distribute information based on different databases;

· telecommunications and data services;

· special services where information on a specific field of activity flows for its analysis, generalization, forecasting, for example, consulting firms, banks, stock exchanges;

· commercial firms;

· information brokers.

Consumers of information products and services are various legal entities and individuals.

Currently in Russia, the formation of a market for information products and services is rapidly developing, the most important components of which are:

Technical and technological component.
This is modern information equipment, powerful computers, a developed computer network and corresponding information processing technologies.

Regulatory component. These are legal documents: laws, decrees, regulations that ensure civilized relations in the information market. (Federal Law “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection”; Law “On Copyright and Related Rights”, Federal Law “On Trade Secrets”, Federal Law “On digital signature" and so on.).

Information component. These are reference and navigation tools and structures that help you find the information you need.

Organizational component. These are the elements government regulation interaction between producers and distributors of information products and services. There are five sectors of the market for information products and services (Fig. 1.2).

Rice. 1.2 Infrastructure of the information services market.

Information resources are the basis for creating information products. Any information product reflects the information model of its manufacturer and embodies his own idea of the specific subject area for which it was created. An information product, being the result of human intellectual activity, must be recorded on a material medium of any physical property in the form of documents, articles, reviews, programs, books, etc.

Information product is a collection of data generated by the manufacturer for distribution in tangible or intangible form.

An information product can be distributed in the same ways as any other tangible product, through services.

Service - this is a type of activity aimed at satisfying human needs, in the process of which it does not create New Product, but the quality of the existing one changes.

Information service is a service focused on meeting human information needs by providing information products. In a narrow sense, an information service is often perceived as a service obtained with the help of computers, although in fact the concept is much broader.

When providing a service, an agreement (contract) is concluded between two parties – the provider and the consumer of the service. The contract specifies the period of its use and the corresponding remuneration.

The list of services is determined by the volume, quality, subject orientation in the field of use of information resources and information products created on their basis.

Information services arise only if there are databases in a computer or non-computer version. A database is understood as a collection of related data, the rules of organization of which are based on general principles of data description, data storage and data manipulation.

Databases are a source and a kind of semi-finished product in the preparation of information services by the relevant services. Databases, although they were not called that, existed even before the computer age in libraries, archives, foundations, reference bureaus and other similar organizations. They contain all kinds of information about events, phenomena, objects, processes, publications, etc. With the advent of computers, the volume of stored databases increases significantly and the range of information services expands accordingly.

Let's consider the classification of databases from the standpoint of their use for systematizing information services and products.

Databases are usually divided into bibliographic and non-bibliographic.

Bibliographic databases contain secondary information about documents, including abstracts and annotations.

Non-bibliographic databases have many types:

· reference databases contain information about various objects and phenomena, for example: addresses, timetables, store phone numbers, etc.;

· full text databases contain primary information, for example: articles, magazines, brochures, etc.;

· numerical databases contain quantitative characteristics and parameters of objects and phenomena, for example: chemical and physical data, statistical and demographic data, etc.;

· text-numeric databases contain descriptions of objects and their characteristics, for example, for industrial products, companies, countries, etc.;

· financial databases contain financial information provided by banks, exchanges, firms, etc.;

· legal databases contain legal documents by industry, region, and country.

Based on the possible types of information products, databases and resources, the classification of information services is presented in Fig.

1.1.

Release of information publications means the preparation of printed materials: bibliographic and other indexes, abstract collections, review publications, reference publications. Information publications are prepared by almost all types of information services, bodies and systems. These publications contain secondary information that is created on the basis of working with databases, and providing the opportunity for such work is also a service.

Retrospective information retrieval– this is a targeted search for information in a database at the request of the user and sending the results either by mail in the form of printouts or by e-mail in the form of files.

Providing the original source is a traditional library service. This service provides for the issuance of not only primary sources, but also their copies obtained using devices of various operating principles.

Traditional scientific and technical information services tions are available upon prior request and include:

· preparation of reviews in the form of manuscripts;

· preparation of translations of texts.

Remote access to remote databases organized on a computer network in interactive mode. The popularity of remote database access services is growing rapidly and is ahead of all types of other services thanks to

· an increasing number of users who have mastered the information technology of working in the communication environment of computer networks;

· high efficiency of service provision;

· the possibility of abandoning your own information systems.

Rice. 1.1. Main types of information services

Basically, these services are provided by special organizations called shared computing centers, which have powerful computers with external memory more than hundreds of gigabytes and laser printers. Remote access to databases can be provided by subscription based on a subscription fee or under contracts. Payment schemes may vary, but generally it is an hourly payment, depending on the amount of information received.

Services for remote access to databases can be classified as follows:

· direct access access to databases can be organized from the user’s local location only if he is trained to work in a communication environment, otherwise one should use the services provided by special organizations;

· indirect access includes organizing user training, issuing a news bulletin, organizing a help desk, organizing meetings with the user to clarify questions of interest, sending questionnaires to users;

· ) allows you to receive search results in a central database on your personal computer for further use as a personal database;

· regular search provides for regular searches in arrays of one or more central databases and provision of search results to the user’s terminal at a time convenient for him.

The scope of preparation and provision of information services includes:

· communications (telephone, telecommunications), used to provide information services in the form of data transfer;

· data processing in computer centers;

· software;

· development of information systems;

· development of information technologies.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

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Interpretation of the term "information products". The relationship between the concepts “information product” - “information product” - “information service”