The first amd processors. See what "AMD" is in other dictionaries. The best AMD processors with Vishera architecture
Am29000 series processors (Am29K)
| CPU | Peculiarities |
|---|---|
| 32-bit processor with RISC architecture | |
| Am29005 | Simplified version of the Am29000 processor |
| Upgraded Am29000 with integrated 2-channel associative cache of 8 KB | |
| Simplified version of the Am29030 processor (4 KB direct mapping cache) | |
| Upgraded Am29030 with integrated math coprocessor and increased cache | |
| Am29050 | Upgraded Am29040 (superscalar with out-of-order execution) |
| Am291хх | Microcontroller family |
| Am292хх | Embedded Processor Family |
x86 architecture processors
Processors released under license from Intel
| CPU | Peculiarities |
|---|---|
| Analogue of the Intel 8088 processor. | |
| Am80C88 | Analogue of the Intel 80C88 processor (produced using CMOS technology). |
| Am8086 | Analogue of the Intel 8086 processor. |
| Am80C86 | Analogue of the Intel 80C86 processor (produced using CMOS technology). |
| Am80188 | Analogue of the Intel 80188 processor. |
| Am80L188 | Am80188 for embedded systems. |
| Analogue of the Intel 80186 processor. | |
| Am80L186 | Am80186 for embedded systems. |
| Am186EM | Upgraded Am80186 for embedded systems. |
| Analogue of the Intel 80286 processor. | |
| Am80C286 | Analogue of the Intel 80C286 processor (produced using CMOS technology). |
| Am80EC286 | Am80C286 with reduced power consumption. |
| Am80L286 | Am80286 for embedded systems. |
Am386 series processors
| CPU | Peculiarities |
|---|---|
| The base processor of the family. Functional analogue of the Intel 80386DX processor. | |
| Am386DX with reduced heat generation. | |
| Am386DX with reduced supply voltage. | |
| Am386SX | Am386 with 16-bit external data bus. |
| Am386SXL | Am386SX with reduced heat generation. |
| Am386SXLV | Am386SX with reduced supply voltage. |
| Am386DE | Am386DX for embedded systems. |
| Am386SE | Am386SX for embedded systems. |
| Am386EM | Upgraded for embedded systems with integrated memory controller. |
Am486 series processors
| CPU | Core | Peculiarities |
|---|---|---|
| 5k86 | SSA/5 | The first processor of the K5 series. AMD's first x86 processor to feature an internal CISC-to-RISC architecture. |
| Godot | Upgraded 5k86. |
| 5k86 (SSA/5) | K5 | |
|---|---|---|
Processors series
Introduced in 1997. Produced until 2001.
| CPU | Core | Peculiarities |
|---|---|---|
| K6 | The first processor of the K6 series. Prior to AMD's acquisition of the company, NexGen was developed as NexGen Nx686. | |
| Little Foot | K6, produced using an updated technical process. | |
| K6-2 | Chomper | Upgraded Little Foot core with 3DNow! |
| CXT | Chomper Extended - Chomper core with a higher clock speed. | |
| K6-III | Sharptooth | Upgraded Little Foot core with integrated L2 cache (256 KB). |
| K6-III+ | Mobile version, produced using an updated technical process, supporting PowerNow technology! and having an expanded set of instructions 3DNow! | |
| K6-2+ | K6-III+ with reduced L2 cache (128KB). |
| K6 | K6-2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Processors series
Introduced in 1999. Produced until 2005.
| CPU | Core | Peculiarities |
|---|---|---|
| Athlon | Argon (K7) | The first core used in Athlon processors. Has an external inclusive second level cache (512 KB). |
| Orion/Pluto (K75) | Argon core, made using an updated technical process. | |
| Thunderbird | K75 core with integrated exclusive second level cache (256 KB). | |
| Athlon XP | Palomino | Upgraded Thunderbird core with hardware data prefetching and SSE block. |
| Thoroughbred | Palomino core, made using an updated technical process. | |
| Barton | Upgraded Thoroughbred core with L2 cache increased to 512 KB. | |
| Thorton | Barton core with partially disabled L2 cache (256 KB). | |
| Athlon MP | Palomino | Athlon XP processor with the ability to work in a multiprocessor configuration. |
| Thoroughbred | ||
| Thorton | ||
| Athlon 4 | Corvette | Mobile version of the Palomino core with support energy saving technology PowerNow! |
| Mobile Athlon XP | Thoroughbred | Mobile version of the Thoroughbred core with support for energy-saving PowerNow! |
| Duron | Spitfire | Thunderbird core with smaller L2 cache (64 KB). |
| Morgan | Palomino core with smaller L2 cache (64 KB). | |
| Applebred | Thoroughbred core with L2 cache partially disabled (64 KB). | |
| Mobile Duron | Camaro | Mobile version of the Spitfire core with support for energy-saving technology PowerNow! |
| Morgan | Mobile version of the Morgan core with support for energy-saving technology PowerNow! | |
| Sempron | Thoroughbred | Renamed Athlon XP, aimed at the low-cost computer market. |
| Thorton | ||
| Barton | ||
| Geode NX | Thoroughbred | Processor for embedded systems. |
| Athlon XP |
|---|
Geode processors
Processors series
Introduced in 2003. All K8 series processors have an integrated memory controller (single-channel DDR - Socket 754, dual-channel DDR - Socket 939 / Socket 940 or dual-channel DDR2 - Socket AM2 / Socket F) and support the AMD64 instruction set (unless otherwise noted).
| CPU | Core | Peculiarities |
|---|---|---|
| Opteron | Sledgehammer | The first model of Opteron processors (130 nm). |
| Venus | Single-core Opteron 1xx processors (90 nm). | |
| Troy | Single-core Opteron 2xx processors (90 nm). | |
| Athens | Single-core Opteron 8xx (90 nm) processors. | |
| Denmark | Dual-core Opteron 1xx processors (90 nm). | |
| Italy | Dual-core Opteron 2xx processors (90 nm). | |
| Egypt | Dual-core Opteron 8xx (90 nm) processors. | |
| Santa Ana | Socket AM2). | |
| Santa Rosa | Dual-core Opteron processors (90 nm, Socket F). | |
| Clawhammer | The first model of Athlon 64 processors (130 nm, 1 MB L2 cache). | |
| Newcastle | Clawhammer core with L2 cache partially disabled (512 KB). | |
| Winchester | Athlon 64 processors manufactured using an updated (90 nm) process technology. | |
| Venice | Winchester kernel revision | |
| San Diego | Venice kernel revision | |
| Orleans | Athlon 64 processors for Socket AM2 | |
| Lima | Single-core processors based on the Brisbane core | |
| Sledgehammer | The first model of Athlon 64 FX processors (130 nm) | |
| San Diego | Athlon 64 FX processors manufactured using an updated technical process (90 nm) | |
| Toledo | Dual-core Athlon FX processors (90 nm) | |
| Manchester | Dual-core processors based on the Venice core (512 KB L2 cache, Socket 939) | |
| Toledo | Dual-core processors based on the Venice core (1 MB L2 cache, Socket 939) | |
| Windsor | Dual-core processors based on the Orleans core (1 MB L2 cache, Socket AM2) | |
| Brisbane | Dual-core processors manufactured using an updated (65 nm) process technology | |
| Athlon X2 | Renamed Athlon 64 X2 processors with new system model designations. | |
| Sempron | Paris | The first model of Sempron K8 processors. Core Newcastle with the second level cache partially disabled (256 KB). AMD64 instructions are blocked. |
| Palermo | Winchester core with partially disabled L2 cache (128 or 256 KB). | |
| Manila | Orleans core with partially disabled L2 cache (256 KB). | |
| Sparta | Lima core with partially disabled L2 cache (512 KB). | |
| Athlon XP-M | Dublin | Mobile processors. AMD64 instructions are blocked. |
| Mobile Athlon 64 | Newcastle | Mobile version of the Newcastle core. |
| Odessa | Mobile Athlon 64 processors, manufactured using an updated technical process (90 nm). | |
| Oakville | Mobile Athlon 64 LV processors (their successors are Turion 64), manufactured using an updated technical process (90 nm) with reduced power consumption. | |
| Newark | Mobile Athlon 64 processors replaced Odessa with Socket 754 and SSE3 support. | |
| Trinidad | Dual-core Mobile Athlon 64 X2 processors (90 nm process technology, arch. K8 rev.F, 512 KB second level cache). | |
| Turion 64 | Lancaster | The first model of Turion 64 (90 nm) processors. |
| Sherman | Turion 64 processors, manufactured using an updated technical process (65 nm). | |
| Turion 64 X2 | Taylor | Dual-core Turion 64 X2 processors (90 nm process technology, 256 KB L2 cache). Socket S1. |
| Tyler | Turion 64 X2 processors, manufactured using an updated technical process (65 nm). Socket S1. | |
| Mobile Sempron | Georgetown | The first model of Mobile Sempron processors (90 nm process technology, Socket 754). |
| Albany | Replaced Georgetown, features SSE3 support | |
| Richmond | Replaces Albany, features a dual-channel DDR2 memory controller and Socket AM2 connector (arch. K8 rev.F) |
| Opteron | Turion | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
AMD processors first appeared on the market in 1974, following the presentation by Intel of its first 8080-type models and were their first clones. However, the very next year the am2900 model of its own design was introduced, which was a microprocessor kit that began to be produced not only by the company itself, but also by Motorola, Thomson, Semiconductor and others. It is worth noting that the Soviet microsimulator MT1804 was also made on the basis of this kit.
AMD Am29000 processors
The next generation - Am29000 - full-fledged processors that combine all the components of the kit into one device. They were a 32-bit processor based on the RISC architecture, with an 8 KB cache. Production began in 1987 and ended in 1995.
In addition to its own developments, AMD also produced processors manufactured under license from Intel and bearing similar markings. So, the Intel 8088 model corresponded to Am8088, Intel 80186 - Am80186, and so on. Some models were upgraded and received their own markings, slightly different from the original ones, for example Am186EM - an improved analogue of Intel 80186.
AMD C8080A processors
In 1991, a line of processors designed for desktop computers. The series was designated Am386 and used microcode developed for the Intel 80386. For embedded systems, similar processor models were launched into production only in 1995.
AMD Am386 processors
But already in 1993, the Am486 series was introduced, intended for installation only in its own 168-pin PGA connector. The cache ranged from 8 to 16 KB in upgraded models. The family of embedded microprocessors is designated Elan.
AMD Am486DX processors
Series K
In 1996, production of the first family of the K series began, designated K5. To install the processor, a universal socket was used, called Socket 5. Some models of this family were designed for installation in Socket 7. The processors had one core, the bus frequency was 50-66 MHz, clock frequency was 75-133 MHz. The cache was 8+16 KB.
AMD5k series processors
The next generation of the K series is the K6 family of processors. During their production, proper names begin to be assigned to the kernels on which they are based. So, for the AMD K6 model the corresponding code name is Littlefood, AMD K6-2 - Chomper, K6-3 - Snarptooth. The standard for installation in the system was a Socket 7 and Super Socket 7 connector. The processors had a single core and operated at frequencies from 66 to 100 MHz. The first level cache was 32 KB. For some models there was also a second level cache, 128 or 256 KB in size.
AMD K6 Processor Family
Since 1999, the production of Athlon models, part of the K7 series, began, which received wide use and well-deserved recognition from many users. In the same line are also budget models Duron and also Sempron. The bus frequency ranged from 100 to 200 MHz. The processors themselves had clock frequencies from 500 to 2333 MHz. They had 64 KB of first-level cache and 256 or 512 KB of second-level cache. The installation connector was designated Socket A or Slot A. Production ended in 2005.
AMD K7 series
The K8 series was introduced in 2003 and includes both single-core and dual-core processors. The number of models is quite diverse, as processors have been released for both desktop computers and mobile platforms. Various connectors are used for installation, the most popular of which are Socket 754, S1, 939, AM2. The bus frequency ranges from 800 to 1000 MHz, and the processors themselves have clock speeds from 1400 MHz to 3200 MHz. L1 cache is 64 KB, L2 - from 256 KB to 1 MB. An example of successful use is some Toshiba laptop models based on Opteron processors, codenamed according to the core codename - Santa Rosa.
AMD K10 Processor Family
In 2007, the release of a new generation of K10 processors began, represented by only three models - Phenom, Athlon X2 and Opteron. The processor bus frequency is 1000 - 2000 MHz, and the clock frequency can reach 2600 MHz. All processors have 2, 3 or 4 cores depending on the model, and the cache is 64 KB for the first level, 256-512 KB for the second level and 2 MB for the third level. Installation is carried out in connectors such as Socket AM2, AM2+, F.
The logical continuation of the K10 line is called K10.5, which includes processors with 2-6 cores, depending on the model. The processor bus frequency is 1800-2000 MHz, and the clock frequency is 2500-3700 MHz. The work uses 64+64 KB of L1 cache, 512 KB of L2 cache and 6 MB of third-level cache. Installation is carried out in Socket AM2+ and AM3.
AMD64
In addition to the series presented above, AMD company produces processors based on the Bulldozer and Piledriver microarchitecture, manufactured using a 32 nm process technology and containing 4-6 cores, the clock frequency of which can reach 4700 MHz.
AMD a10 processors
Nowadays, processor models designed for installation in the FM2 socket, including hybrid processors of the Trinity family, are very popular. This is due to the fact that the previous implementation of Socket FM1 did not receive the expected recognition due to relatively low performance, as well as limited support for the platform itself.
The core itself consists of three parts, including graphics system with the Devastrator core coming from Radeon video cards, processor part from x-86 core Piledriver and north bridge, responsible for organizing work with RAM, supporting almost all modes, up to DDR3-1866.
The most popular models of this family are A4-5300, A6-5400, A8-5500 and 5600, A10-5700 and 5800.
The flagship models of the A10 series operate with a clock frequency of 3 - 3.8 GHz, and when overclocked they can reach 4.2 GHz. Corresponding values for A8 - 3.6 GHz, overclocked - 3.9 GHz, A6 - 3.6 GHz and 3.8 GHz, A4 - 3.4 and 3.6 GHz.
AMD AMD
AMD (AMD, Advanced Micro Devices) is an American corporation, a leading developer and manufacturer of integrated circuits, electronic devices, components for computers and communications; founded in 1969. The head office is located in Sunnyvalley, California. AMD produces processors, flash memory, logic devices, telecommunications and networking products. In the computer world, AMD is known as a competitor to Intel. (cm. INTEL) in the production of processors for personal computers.
In 1969, Jerry Sanders and seven like-minded people decided to create an enterprise for the production of advanced semiconductors. Previously, Jerry Sanders served as Director of Marketing for Fairchild Semiconductor. Within a few years, the company employed about 1,500 workers and produced a range of more than 200 products, many of which were of its own design. In 1973, the company opened its first plant outside the United States - in Penang (Malaysia). The company's sales in 1974 were $27 million. In the early 1970s, AMD began to master the production of microprocessors. The first-born was the 8080A chip.
The company's manufacturing base grew rapidly in the 1970s, mainly through the introduction of new plants in Southeast Asia and the expansion of existing ones in the United States; The company's sales revenues were constantly growing. In the early 1980s, AMD opened a plant in San Antonio. Research potential was growing rapidly. AMD chips were used in the equipment of the space shuttle Columbia. In 1982, the company entered into the first licensing agreement with Intel to produce clones of the iAPX8 family of microprocessors. This agreement opened the way for AMD to enter the microprocessor market for personal computers. In 1986, the company released the world's first 1 Mbit rewritable EPROM memory chip.
In the second half of the 1980s, Japanese companies launched their own production of semiconductor devices and demand for AMD products fell. In search of a way out of the crisis, the company intensified its activities in the market of microprocessors for personal computers. Having successfully completed the arbitration process for the right to produce PC processors using Intel technologies, the company broke Intel's monopoly on the microprocessor market in 1991 by releasing the first microprocessor for PCs, the Am386. In 1993, Am486 was released. The company has entered into a number of agreements on joint activities with computer market monsters Fujitsu, Compaq, and Digital Equipment.
In 1994-1995, Intel switched to producing Pentium processors, leaving the market for 486 processors to AMD and other suppliers. AMD occupied the lower price sector of the global microprocessor market. Its products Am5x86 and K5 were inferior in performance to similar class processors of the Pentium family from Intel, but their price was lower. The technological part of production did not stand still either: from processors of the Am386 family based on 0.8-micron technology, the company came to 0.35-micron K5.
In 1996, AMD acquired NexGen, which had scientific and technological capabilities, a team of specialists in the field of processor development, and a nearly complete sixth-generation processor. At the beginning of 1997, the K6 appeared - a processor with 8.8 million transistors, not inferior in performance to the Intel Pentium MMX series, but cheaper. As a counterweight to Intel's Pentium II family, the AMD K6-II processor has been developed, featuring 3D Now technology, which allows for performance gains in 3D audio and graphics.
In the first half of 1999, AMD began shipping K6-III (K6-3D+) processors working with Socket 7. Its main feature- built-in 256 KB L2 cache, running on full frequency kernels. The clock speeds of this processor were 400-500 MHz. On June 23, 1999, they were presented AMD processors Athlon 500, 550, 600, manufactured using 0.25 micron technology in the new Slot A package (a slightly thinner cartridge compared to Slot 1).
On November 29, 1999, Athlon processors with frequencies from 550-800 MHz, manufactured using 0.18 micron technology (to distinguish them, were called Model 1 - 0.25 microns and Model 2 - 0.18 microns) were released. The final transition to 0.18 micron technology for AMD took place in the summer of 2000 with the development of the Thunderbird core. For its processors, AMD has developed a Socket A connector (Socket 462 in the form of a chip). The Athlon-4 core now has a hardware data prefetch unit and a built-in thermal diode.
With the transition of the Athlon to the new core, AMD released the Duron 1 and 1.1 GHz (later 1.2 GHz) processor on the Morgan core (redesigned Palomino). In addition to changing the name of the core, the processor received support for the 3DNow! Professional and SSE. The Morgan core had a branch prediction mechanism (the processor tried to predict what data it might need) and an address translation buffer (caching memory addresses). A temperature sensor was built into the core.
In 2002, AMD announced the transition to 0.13 micron technology and the introduction of SOI (silicon on insulator) technology. In April 2002, the company released the Alchemy Au1100 processor, which competed with Intel's XScale. At the beginning of summer 2002, Athlon XP 2100+ and 2200+ were demonstrated on a 0.13-micron Thoroughbred (TBred) core.
At the beginning of 2003, AMD entered into an agreement with IBM on joint technological developments. On February 10, 2003, the company released the Athlon XP 3000+, 2800+ and 2500+ on the Barton core with doubled L2 cache (L2 - 512 KB). In the spring of 2003, AMD released the first 64-bit processors, fully compatible with x86 processors, known as Opterons and intended for servers and workstations. In September 2003, AMD released similar processors, known as the Athlon 64, for personal computers.
The year 2003 was marked by the release of AMD K7 Thorton - an economical Athlon XP model based on the Barton core (0.13 micron production technology, clock frequency 1667-2133 MHz, bus frequency 266 MHz - dual-pumped). Processors produced since 2003 AMD Athlon 64 and AMD Opteron are the industry's first 64-bit x86 processors capable of running 32-bit and 64-bit applications simultaneously. AMD's MirrorBit architecture, a revolutionary flash memory technology, allows you to store twice as much data without sacrificing data integrity. In June 2005, AMD released dual-core Athlon 64 X2 processors. AMD production facilities are located in the USA, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Germany. The company employs 18 thousand people (2005), its income reaches 5.8 billion dollars (2005).
The processor is the main component of a computer; without it, nothing will work. Since the release of the first processor, this technology has been developing at a rapid pace. The architectures and generations of AMD and Intel processors have changed.
In one of the previous articles we looked at, in this article we will look at generations of AMD processors, look at where it all began, and how they improved until the processors became what they are now. Sometimes it is very interesting to understand how technology has developed.
As you already know, initially, the company that produced computer processors was Intel. But the US government did not like the fact that such an important part for the defense industry and the country's economy was produced by only one company. On the other hand, there were others who wanted to produce processors.
AMD was founded, Intel shared all its developments with them and allowed AMD to use its architecture to produce processors. But this did not last long; after a few years, Intel stopped sharing new developments and AMD had to improve its processors themselves. By the concept of architecture we will mean microarchitecture, the arrangement of transistors on a printed circuit board.
First processor architectures
First, let's take a quick look at the first processors released by the company. The very first was the AM980, which was a full eight-bit Intel 8080 processor.
The next processor was the AMD 8086, a clone of the Intel 8086, which was produced under a contract with IBM, which forced Intel to license the architecture to a competitor. The processor was 16-bit, had a frequency of 10 MHz, and was manufactured using a 3000 nm process technology.
The next processor was a clone of the Intel 80286 - AMD AM286, compared to the device from Intel, it had a higher clock frequency, up to 20 MHz. The process technology has been reduced to 1500 nm.
Next was the AMD 80386 processor, a clone of the Intel 80386. Intel was against the release of this model, but the company managed to win the lawsuit in court. Here, too, the frequency was raised to 40 MHz, while Intel had it only 32 MHz. Technological process - 1000 nm.
AM486 is the latest processor released based on Intel's developments. The processor frequency was raised to 120 MHz. Further, due to litigation, AMD was no longer able to use Intel technologies and they had to develop their own processors.
Fifth generation - K5
AMD released its first processor in 1995. It had a new architecture that was based on the previously developed RISC architecture. Regular instructions were recoded into microinstructions, which helped greatly improve productivity. But here AMD could not beat Intel. The processor had a clock speed of 100 MHz, while the Intel Pentium already ran at 133 MHz. The 350 nm process technology was used to manufacture the processor.
Sixth generation - K6
AMD did not develop a new architecture, but decided to acquire NextGen and use its Nx686 developments. Although this architecture was very different, it also used instruction conversion to RISC, and it also did not beat the Pentium II. The processor frequency was 350 MHz, power consumption was 28 Watt, and the process technology was 250 nm.
The K6 architecture had several future improvements, with the K6 II adding several additional instruction sets to improve performance and the K6 III adding an L2 cache.
Seventh generation - K7
In 1999, a new microarchitecture of AMD Athlon processors appeared. Here the clock frequency was significantly increased, up to 1 GHz. The second level cache was placed on a separate chip and had a size of 512 KB, the first level cache was 64 KB. For manufacturing, a 250 nm process technology was used.
Several more processors based on the Athlon architecture were released; in Thunderbird, the second level cache returned to the main one integrated circuit, which increased productivity, and the process technology was reduced to 150 nm.
In 2001, processors based on the AMD Athlon Palomino processor architecture with a clock frequency of 1733 MHz, 256 MB L2 cache and a 180 nm process technology were released. Power consumption reached 72 watts.
Improvements in the architecture continued and in 2002 the company launched Athlon Thoroughbred processors, which used a 130 nm process technology and ran at a clock speed of 2 GHz. Barton's next improvement increased the clock speed to 2.33 GHz and doubled the L2 cache size.
In 2003, AMD released the K7 Sempron architecture, which had a clock frequency of 2 GHz, also with a 130 nm process technology, but was cheaper.
Eighth generation - K8
All previous generations of processors were 32-bit, and only the K8 architecture began to support 64-bit technology. The architecture has undergone many changes, now processors could theoretically work with 1 TB random access memory, the memory controller was moved into the processor, which improved performance compared to the K7. Also added here new technology HyperTransport data exchange.
The first processors based on the K8 architecture were Sledgehammer and Clawhammer, they had a frequency of 2.4-2.6 GHz and the same 130 nm process technology. Power consumption - 89 W. Further, as with the K7 architecture, the company made slow improvements. In 2006, Winchester, Venice, San Diego processors were released, which had a clock frequency of up to 2.6 GHz and a 90 nm process technology.
In 2006, the Orleans and Lima processors were released, which had a clock frequency of 2.8 GHz. The latter already had two cores and supported DDR2 memory.
Along with the Athlon line, AMD released the Semron line in 2004. These processors had lower clock speeds and cache sizes, but were cheaper. Frequencies up to 2.3 GHz and second-level cache up to 512 KB were supported.
In 2006, the development of the Athlon line continued. The first dual-core Athlon X2 processors were released: Manchester and Brisbane. They had a clock speed of up to 3.2 GHz, a 65 nm process technology and a power consumption of 125 W. In the same year, the budget Turion line was introduced, with a clock frequency of 2.4 GHz.
Tenth generation - K10
The next architecture from AMD was K10, it is similar to K8, but received many improvements, including increased cache, improved memory controller, IPC mechanism, and most importantly, it is a quad-core architecture.
The first was the Phenom line, these processors were used as server processors, but they had a serious problem that led to the processor freezing. AMD later fixed it in software, but this reduced performance. Processors in the Athlon and Operon lines were also released. The processors operated at a frequency of 2.6 GHz, had 512 KB of second-level cache, 2 MB of third-level cache and were manufactured using a 65 nm process technology.
The next improvement in the architecture was the Phenom II line, in which AMD transitioned the process technology to 45 nm, which significantly reduced power consumption and heat consumption. Quad-core Phenom II processors had frequencies up to 3.7 GHz, third-level cache up to 6 MB. The Deneb processor already supported DDR3 memory. Then dual-core and triple-core processors Phenom II X2 and X3 were released, which did not gain much popularity and operated at lower frequencies.
In 2009, budget AMD Athlon II processors were released. They had a clock speed of up to 3.0 GHz, but to reduce the price the third level cache was cut out. The line included a quad-core Propus processor and a dual-core Regor. In the same year, the Semton product line was updated. They also did not have L3 cache and ran at a clock speed of 2.9 GHz.
In 2010, the six-core Thuban and quad-core Zosma were released, which could operate at a clock speed of 3.7 GHz. The processor frequency could change depending on the load.
Fifteenth generation - AMD Bulldozer
In October 2011, the K10 was replaced by a new architecture - Bulldozer. Here the company tried to use a large number of cores and high clock speed to beat Intel's Sandy Bridge. The first Zambezi chip couldn't even beat the Phenom II, let alone Intel.
A year after the release of Bulldozer, AMD released an improved architecture, codenamed Piledriver. Here, clock speed and performance have been increased by approximately 15% without increasing power consumption. The processors had a clock frequency of up to 4.1 GHz, consumed up to 100 W and were manufactured using a 32 nm process technology.
Then the FX line of processors based on the same architecture was released. They had clock speeds of up to 4.7 GHz (5 GHz overclocked), were available in four-, six- and eight-core versions, and consumed up to 125 W.
The next Bulldozer improvement, Excavator, was released in 2015. Here the process technology has been reduced to 28 nm. The processor clock speed is 3.5 GHz, the number of cores is 4, and power consumption is 65 W.
Sixteenth generation - Zen
This is a new generation of AMD processors. The Zen architecture was developed by the company from scratch. The processors will be released this year, expected in the spring. The 14 nm process technology will be used for their production.
The processors will support DDR4 memory and generate 95 watts of heat. The processors will have up to 8 cores, 16 threads, and operate at a clock speed of 3.4 GHz. Energy efficiency has also been improved and automatic overclocking has been announced, where the processor adapts to your cooling capabilities.
conclusions
In this article we looked at AMD processor architectures. Now you know how they developed processors from AMD and how things are going on this moment Now. You can see that some generations of AMD processors are missing, these are mobile processors, and we intentionally excluded them. I hope this information was useful to you.
1982 AMD Am 286™
This processor was produced under an Intel license and had several interesting features, such as EMS emulation, as well as the ability to exit protected mode, which 286" Intel processors did not have. Technical characteristics: clock frequency: 12-16 MHz.
198? AMD Am 386™ DX
Almost a complete analogue of Intel's "troika". Codename: P9. Those. characteristics: 275,000 transistors; clock frequency: 16-32 MHz; 32-bit processor; data bus 32-bit (16-32 MHz); address bus 32-bit; total bit depth: 32.
19?? AMD Am 386™ SX
Low-End version of AMD Am 386™ DX. Codename: P9. Those. characteristics: 275,000 transistors; clock frequency: 16-32 MHz; 32-bit processor; data bus 16-bit (16-32 MHz); address bus 24-bit; total bit depth: 16.
19?? AMD Am 486™ DX
Processor with built-in L1 cache and math coprocessor (FPU). It was slightly behind a similar processor from Intel in terms of performance. Code name: P4:) Tech. characteristics: 1.25 million transistors; clock frequency: 25-50 MHz; first level cache: 8 KB; second level cache on motherboard(up to 512 KB); 32-bit processor; data bus 32-bit (20-50 MHz); address bus 32-bit; total bit depth: 32.
199? AMD Am 486™ DX2
Fully 32-bit processor. Code name: P24. Technical characteristics: 1.25 million transistors; clock frequency: 50-66 MHz; first level cache: 8 KB; second level cache on the motherboard (up to 512 KB); 32-bit processor; data bus 32-bit (25-33 MHz); address bus 32-bit; total bit depth: 32.
199? AMD Am 486™ DX4
The latest "four" from AMD with an increased clock frequency. Code name: P24C. Technical characteristics: 1.25 million transistors; clock frequency: 75-120 MHz; first level cache: 8 KB; second level cache on the motherboard (up to 512 KB); 32-bit processor; data bus 32-bit (25-40 MHz); address bus 32-bit; total bit depth: 32.
1995 AMD Am 586™
Fifth generation processor with integrated power management. Intended for installation on old motherboards (for "four"). Code name: X5. Technical characteristics: 1.6 million transistors; clock frequency: 133 MHz; first level cache: 16 KB; second level cache on the motherboard (up to 512 KB); processor 32-bit; data bus 32-bit (33 MHz); address bus 32-bit; total width: 32.
1996 AMD K5™ (SSA5)
These processors are built on the x86-to-RISC86 architecture, which is fundamentally different from the architecture used in Intel processors Pentium, but they are installed in the same Socket 7 connector on motherboards and are fully compatible with Pentium processors. The first processors based on the SSA/5 core were unfinished and did a disservice to the real K5, which was released later. These processors were labeled using a PR rating rather than an actual frequency. Code name: SSA5. Those. characteristics: 4.3 million transistors; production technology: 0.5 microns; clock frequency: 75-100 MHz; L1 cache: 24 KB (8 KB for data and 16 KB for instructions); second level cache on the motherboard (up to 1 MB); 64-bit processor; data bus 64-bit (50-66 MHz); address bus 32-bit; total bit depth: 32; Socket 7 connector.
1996 AMD K5™ (5k86)
This processor showed excellent performance in office applications, but had a weak FPU, just like the previous one. A PR rating was also used to label these processors. Codename: 5k86. Those. characteristics: 4.3 million transistors; production technology: 0.35 microns; clock frequency: 90-133 MHz; L1 cache: 24 KB (8 KB for data and 16 KB for instructions); second level cache on the motherboard (up to 1 MB); 64-bit processor; data bus 64-bit (60-66 MHz); address bus 32-bit; total bit depth: 32; Socket 7 connector.
1997 AMD K6®
A processor built using x86-to-RISC86 technology can execute up to 6 RISC86 instructions simultaneously. It is installed in the Socket 7 connector and can be used in boards designed for Pentium processors. Unlike its fellow Pentium MMX and Cyrix 6x86MX processors, it is software compatible with the Pentium Pro processor and works with MMX instructions, making it comparable to Intel's Pentium II processor. It was created based on the 686 processor design from NexGen, acquired by AMD. Codename: K6. Those. characteristics: 888 million transistors; production technology: 0835 microns; clock frequency: 166-233 MHz; L1 cache: 64 KB (32 KB for data and 32 KB for instructions); second level cache on the motherboard (up to 1 MB); 64-bit processor; data bus 64-bit (66 MHz); address bus 32-bit; total bit depth: 32; Socket 7 connector.
1997 AMD K6® (Little Foot)
This processor was produced using a 0.25 micron process technology and had a higher clock speed than its predecessor. Codename: Little Foot. Those. characteristics: 8.8 million transistors; production technology: 0.25 microns; clock frequency: 233-300 MHz; L1 cache: 64 KB (32 KB for data and 32 KB for instructions); second level cache on the motherboard (up to 1 MB); 64-bit processor; data bus 64-bit (66 MHz); address bus 32-bit; total bit depth: 32; Socket 7 connector.
1998 AMD K6®-2
The main improvements in this processor include support for the additional 3DNow! instruction set, which significantly improves performance in optimized programs and games, as well as a 100 MHz system bus. Codename: Chomper XT. Those. characteristics: 9.3 million transistors; production technology: 0.25 microns; clock frequency: 266-550 MHz; L1 cache: 64 KB (32 KB for data and 32 KB for instructions); second level cache on the motherboard (up to 1 MB); 64-bit processor; data bus 64-bit (66-100 MHz); address bus 32-bit; total bit depth: 32; Socket 7 connector.
1999 AMD K6®-III
The first processor from AMD to have L2 cache integrated with the core. They are K6-2 with 256 KB of L2 cache on the chip, operating at the same frequency as the processor core. Recommended for installation on Super Socket 7 motherboards that support AGP. Codename: Sharptooth. Those. characteristics: 21.3 million transistors; production technology: 0.25 microns; clock frequency: 350-500 MHz; L1 cache: 64 KB (32 KB for data and 32 KB for instructions); 256 KB L2 cache (full speed); third level cache on the motherboard (up to 3 MB); 64-bit processor; data bus 64-bit (100 MHz); address bus 32-bit; total bit depth: 32; Super Socket 7 connector.
1999 Mobile AMD K6®-2
Mobile version of K6®-2 with PowerNow!™ technology designed to reduce processor power consumption. Those. characteristics: 9.3 million transistors; production technology: 0.25 microns; clock frequency: 300-500 MHz; L1 cache: 64 KB (32 KB for data and 32 KB for instructions); second level cache on the motherboard (up to 2 MB); 64-bit processor; data bus 64-bit (100 MHz); address bus 32-bit; total bit depth: 32; Socket 7 connector.
1999 AMD Athlon™
The first processor whose architecture and interface differ from Intel. After its release, Intel's position was somewhat shaken, since it demonstrated better performance in most applications than the Pentium!!! at equal clock frequencies. Has an expanded set of instructions Enhanced 3DNow!. Code name: K7, K75 (aluminum connections), K76 (copper connections). Those. characteristics: 22 million transistors; production technology: 0.25-0.18 microns; clock frequency: 500-1000 MHz; L1 cache: 128 KB (64 KB for data and 64 KB for instructions); 512 KB L2 cache operating at 1/2, 2/5 or 1/3 processor frequency; processor bus – Alpha EV-6 200 MHz (DDR 100x2); total bit depth: 32; Slot A connector.
2000 AMD Athlon™ Thunderbird
This processor is manufactured using 0.18 micron technology using copper interconnect technology. Initially produced in the Slot A form factor, later Socket A. The chip integrates 256 KB of second-level cache operating at the processor frequency. Codename: Thunderbird. Those. characteristics: production technology: 0.18 microns; clock frequency: 600-1400 MHz; L1 cache: 128 KB (64 KB for data and 64 KB for instructions); L2 cache 256 KB (full speed); processor bus – Alpha EV-6 200-266 MHz (DDR 100x2-133x2); total bit depth: 32; Slot A connector, later Socket A.
2000 AMD Duron™ (Spitfire)
Low-End version of Athlon™ Thunderbird with L2 cache reduced to 64 KB. It blows Celeron to smithereens, although it has a lower price. Codename: Spitfire. Those. characteristics: 25 million transistors; production technology: 0.18 microns; clock frequency: 600-950 MHz; L1 cache: 128 KB (64 KB for data and 64 KB for instructions); 64 KB L2 cache (full speed); processor bus – Alpha EV-6 200 MHz (DDR 100x2); total bit depth: 32; Socket A connector.
2000 AMD K6®-2+
The latest processor in the K6® family features a 0.18 micron process technology, 128 KB L2 cache and PowerNow!™ technology. Those. characteristics: production technology: 0.18 microns; clock frequency: 450-550 MHz; L1 cache: 64 KB (32 KB for data and 32 KB for instructions); second level cache on the motherboard (up to 3 MB); 64-bit processor; data bus 64-bit (95-100 MHz); address bus 32-bit; total bit depth: 32; Super Socket 7 connector.
2001 Mobile AMD Duron™
Mobile version of Duron with PowerNow!™ technology. Those. characteristics: production technology: 0.18 microns; clock frequency: 700-950 MHz; L1 cache: 128 KB (64 KB for data and 64 KB for instructions); 64 KB L2 cache (full speed); processor bus – Alpha EV-6 200 MHz (DDR 100x2); total bit depth: 32.
2001 AMD Athlon™ 4
Mobile Athlon™ on the new Palomino core, which adds support for the SSE instruction set from Intel. Codename: Palomino. Those. characteristics: production technology: 0.18 microns; clock frequency: 950-1400 MHz; L1 cache: 128 KB (64 KB for data and 64 KB for instructions); 256 KB L2 cache (full speed); processor bus – Alpha EV-6 266 MHz (DDR 133x2); total bit depth: 32; Socket A connector.
2001 AMD Athlon™ MP
The first processor from AMD, designed to work in dual-processor systems, is based on the Palomino core. The labeling of the first processors indicated the actual clock speed, and in later ones the performance index. Codename: Palomino. Those. characteristics: production technology: 0.18 microns; clock frequency: 1000-1667 MHz; L1 cache: 128 KB (64 KB for data and 64 KB for instructions); 256 KB L2 cache (full speed); processor bus – Alpha EV-6 266 MHz (DDR 133x2); total bit depth: 32; Socket A connector.
2001 AMD Duron™ (Morgan)
This Duron is based on the Morgan core - a stripped-down version of Palomino (L2 cache is not 256, but 64 KB). Codename: Morgan. Those. characteristics: 25.18 million transistors; production technology: 0.18 microns; clock frequency: 1000-1300 MHz; L1 cache: 128 KB (64 KB for data and 64 KB for instructions); 64 KB L2 cache (full speed); processor bus – Alpha EV-6 200 MHz (DDR 100x2); total bit depth: 32; Socket A connector.
2001 AMD Athlon™ XP
Version of the processor based on the Palomino core for desktop computers. When marking these processors, it is not the actual clock speed that is used, but a performance index, i.e. it shows which Pentium 4 corresponds to this processor. For example, Athlon XP 2000+ operates at 1667 MHz. Unlike AMD K5, this is a real indicator and the Athlon XP 1900+ is really not inferior to the P4 1900 MHz, and in some applications even surpasses it. Those. characteristics: production technology: 0.18 microns; clock frequency: 1333-1800MHz; L1 cache: 128 KB (64 KB for data and 64 KB for instructions); L2 cache 256 KB (full speed); processor bus – Alpha EV-6 266 MHz (DDR 133x2); total bit depth: 32; Socket A connector.
2002 AMD Athlon™ XP (Thoroughbred)
Continued development of the Athlon XP processor. Unlike the previous one, it was made using 0.13 micron tech. process and the markings are applied not to the crystal, but to a special plate. The processor core has become somewhat stronger. When marking these processors, it is also not the actual clock speed that is used, but a performance index. Codename: Thoroughbred. Those. characteristics: production technology: 0.13 microns; clock frequency: 1466-2250MHz; L1 cache: 128 KB (64 KB for data and 64 KB for instructions); 256 KB L2 cache (full speed); processor bus – Alpha EV-6 266/333 MHz (DDR 133x2/166x2); total bit depth: 32; Socket A connector.
2003 AMD Athlon™ XP (Barton)
The latest processor from the Athlon XP family. Performed according to 0.13 microns tech. process and the second level cache is increased to 512 KB. When marking these processors, it is also not the actual clock speed that is used, but a performance index. Codename: Barton. Those. characteristics: production technology: 0.13 microns; clock frequency: 1833-2166MHz; L1 cache: 128 KB (64 KB for data and 64 KB for instructions); 512 KB L2 cache (full speed); processor bus – Alpha EV-6 333MHz (DDR 166x2); total bit depth: 32; Socket A connector.